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Schematic representation of quantitative targets of biodiversity conservation in conifer plantation landscapes v1.0 © Kazuhiro Kawamura CC BY 4.0 

 

(a) A hypothetical plantation landscape reconciling biodiversity conservation and wood production.

(b) Riparian and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems with ecological and hydrographic processes relevant to forest management.

(c) Before and after harvesting under retention forestry with broad-leaved trees in a conifer plantation.