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Schematic representation of quantitative targets of biodiversity conservation in conifer plantation landscapes v3.1 © Kazuhiro Kawamura CC BY 4.0 

 

(a) Landscape-level objectives: a hypothetical plantation landscape reconciling biodiversity conservation and wood production.

(b) Management objectives for riparian forests: aquatic and adjacent terrestrial ecosystems with ecological and hydrographic processes relevant to forest management.

(c) Stand level objectives: conditions just after harvesting & replanting and several decades later under retention forestry with broad-leaved trees in a conifer plantation.